Bruno is a full-stack application architect and developer with more than 10 years of experience and a solid problem-solving track record. Instead of returning the exception stack trace to client, you should return a meaningful exception message. Add MyBatis-Spring-Boot-Starter in Pom. The @ControllerAdvice is an annotation, to handle the exceptions globally. We will be implementing a ControlerAdvice class which will handle all exceptions thrown by the controller class. This declaration signalizes Spring that every time EntityNotFoundException is thrown, Spring should call this method to handle it. Error pages can either be static HTML (that is, added under any of the static resource folders)or be built by using templates. I'm using Spring framework (jdbcTemplate) and HikariCP. This site uses cookies to track analytics. JDK 1.8+ Complete Maven Project With Code Examples in its value property: This change will result in a much better response if we call our controller with an invalid ID: Another way to achieve the same is by extending the ResponseStatusException class: This approach comes in handy when we want to manipulate the response headers, too, because we can override the getResponseHeaders() method. What does a search warrant actually look like? It returns the timestamp when the error occurred, the message from the exception, and the request they used. @ControllerAdvice (basePackages = "org.example.controllers") - This will only scan call. If you take a look at the source code of ResponseEntityExceptionHandler, youll see a lot of methods called handle******(), like handleHttpMessageNotReadable() or handleHttpMessageNotWritable(). Spring Security is a framework that helps secure enterprise applications. Should be idempotent (same result in multiple calls). By going through the above example, we find that using @ControllerAdvice will solve our many issues of maintaining code quality, as well as increase readability of the code. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Tools you will need Maven 3.0+ is your build tool Your favorite IDE. This will help everyone to debug all the errors at a common place of your application. Line 27 Line 28 throws a BlogNotFoundException if the Blog with the specified Id is not present in the database. If youre reading this article, it means youre already well-versed with JUnit. If a method call to getBlogById() throws BlogNotFoundException, the catch block handles the exception. Step 3: Creating Custom made Exceptions that can be thrown during necessary scenarios while performing CRUD. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for How do you assert that a certain exception is thrown in JUnit tests? Your email address will not be published. Error codes can be used by clients in their code to drive Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Spring @Configuration Annotation with Example, PostgreSQL - Connect and Access a Database. If we dont wish to use these annotations, then simply defining the exception as a parameter of the method will also do: Although its a good idea to mention the exception class in the annotation even though we have mentioned it in the method signature already. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Database connection exception handling with Spring, stackoverflow.com/questions/10947933/aop-exception-handling, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. How to connect ReactJS as a front-end with PHP as a back-end ? The updateCustomer() method defined in CustomerController throws a NoSuchCustomerExistsException exception if the user tries to update details of a customer that doesnt already exist in the database else it successfully saves the updated details for that particular customer. Step 1. @Sambit added the 2 annotations to main class but same issue. We will create two custom exception classes: The code of the BlogAlreadyExistsException class is this. Although essential, having lots of validation checks in the code makes the code hard to read. xml and spring-servlet. We provide a simple approach to improving thisfunctionality. If our service calls this method and returns directly to the controller, well get an HTTP code 200 (OK) even if the resource isnt found. and create a class named CustomerController annotated with @RestController on top of the class with a getCustomer() method. all the exceptions in the application. Instead, we should handle the exception and send back a short and meaningful exception message to the client. It is a JPA Entity class annotated with the @Entity annotation and corresponding getters and setters for the fields. When annotating a method with @ExceptionHandler, a wide range of auto-injected parameters like WebRequest, Locale, and others may be specified as described here. Used Micro services using Spring MVC, Spring Boot, Spring Cloud . An example would be numerous validation errors in which multiple fields have failed. First letter in argument of "\affil" not being output if the first letter is "L", Active Directory: Account Operators can delete Domain Admin accounts. 3 Instantiate and Use CrudRepository 5. Response uses the custom error structure that we had defined earlier. Exception Handling in Spring Boot helps to deal with errors and exceptions present in APIs so as to deliver a robust enterprise application. SpringBoot provides a very powerful annotation called @ControllerAdvide under package org.springframework.web.bind.annotation. That should provide the client-side application enough information to handle the rest towards the user, without giving away too much details of the backend. Whenever we think of handling exceptions at any level of our code, we fall under writing everywhere try catch block in our code, and then after some days when we try to go through our code, we find most of the code is filled with handling exceptions. Another scenario can be a user trying to save an already existing blog. Below, youll see examples of JSON responses generated after implementing these improvements. But if we look into the CrudRepository.findOne() method, well see that it returns null for an unknown object. If we want to selectively apply or limit the scope of the controller advice to a particular controller, or a package, we can use the properties provided by the annotation: Find other parameters in the @ControllerAdvice annotation docs. Handling exceptions is an important part of building a robust application. This is one of the ways we can generate a global response for all of the unhandled Exception. Pratiyush Prakash 189 Followers Full stack dev @ Texas Instruments. @ControllerAdvice(basePackages = "org.example.controllers") - This will only scan call the mentioned package and handle the exceptions for the same. Choose the right HttpStatus code for differents situations in your RestControllerAdvice : Parameters null or value not set : 400 => Bad request Returned value not found (record or list empty) : 404 => Not found Exception from server (database error, network error etc.) POST : Should create new resource. If it is not already included in the build.gradle, add this line to the dependencies. Learn how your comment data is processed. Exception handling methods annotated with @ExceptionHandler will catch the exception thrown by the declared class and we can perform various things whenever we come through the related type exceptions. An Exception Handler method handles all exceptions and their subclasses passed in the argument. To address this we can we annotate our Exception class with @ResponseStatus and pass in the desired HTTP response status Hey Customer, We are busy, please come back later. Another solution is to use AOP, but I am not the expert; someone else could probably elaborate more. Spring Security : check whether you have multiple ContextLoader* definitions in your web.xml! It is 500 - Server Error. I used filter method from stream API to search for an Employee by ID, then i used findFirst() method that returns an . One thing I do not like is the status code of the response. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Lets look at an example of the default Spring Boot answer when we issue an HTTP POST to the /birds endpoint with the following JSON object that has the string aaa on the field mass, which should be expecting an integer: The Spring Boot default answer, without proper error handling, looks like this: The Spring Boot DefaultErrorAttributes-generated response has some good fields, but it is too focused on the exception. Spring provides a very elegant solution to this problem in form of controller advice. Summary. What do you do when you get an invalid request? We use Eclipse. // this method throws a "NoSuchElementFoundException" exception, "io.reflectoring.exception.exception.NoSuchElementFoundException: Item with id 1 not found", "Validation error. The preceding controller class is not handling the custom exceptions. Lets see how can we extend handleHttpMessageNotReadable() to handle HttpMessageNotReadableException exceptions. Now wherever within the same package, if any IOException is thrown in any controller class then it will be handled by this handleIOException() method and you will see the response. Located in Garopaba - State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, Subscription implies consent to our privacy policy, Top 10 Most Common Spring Framework Mistakes, Using Spring Boot for OAuth2 and JWT REST Protection, Building an MVC Application With Spring Framework: A Beginners Tutorial, Spring Batch Tutorial: Batch Processing Made Easy with Spring, An Expert Workaround for Executing Complex Entity Framework Core Stored Procedures, Kotlin vs. Java: All-purpose Uses and Android Apps, The 10 Most Common JavaScript Issues Developers Face. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? As an example, for database failure, the application throws SQLException. This annotation, if used on methods of controller classes, will serve as the entry point for handling exceptions thrown within this controller only. Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. "You can't just keep it simple. It provides @ControllerAdvice constructor comes with some special arguments, which allows you to scan only the related portion of your application and handle only those exceptions thrown by the respective classes mentioned in the constructor. Now if we call the /product API again with an invalid id well get the following response: Note that weve set the property include-stacktrace to on_trace_param which means that only if we include the trace param in the URL (?trace=true), well get a stack trace in the response payload: We might want to keep the value of include-stacktrace flag to never, at least in production, as it might reveal the internal The CustomerService interface defines three different methods: The Interface and service implementation class is as follows: Step 5: Creating Rest Controller CustomerController which defines various APIs. By using @ExceptionHandler and @ControllerAdvice, well be able to define a central point for treating exceptions and wrapping them in an ApiError object with better organization than is possible with the default Spring Boot error-handling mechanism. But what if we have multiple controller class throwing the same type of exception, say IOException? How to Run Your First Spring Boot Application in Spring Tool Suite? To keep things simple always have only one controller advice class in the project. Do we create the same handlers in all controllers or create a base class with Clear message indicating what went wrong and what the consumer can do to fix the error. Thats the only way we can improve. For instance, by properly handling exceptions, you can stop the disruption of the normal flow of the application. This guide will help you implement effective exception/error handling for a REST API/Service with Spring Boot. Note: Both Custom Exception classes extend RuntimeException. Lets do the initial setup to explore each approach in more depth. Controller advice classes allow us to apply exception handlers to more than one or all controllers in our application: The bodies of the handler functions and the other support code are omitted as theyre almost How to measure (neutral wire) contact resistance/corrosion. [NEW] DZone's 2023 "DevOps: CI/CD, Application Delivery, and Release Orchestration" Trend Report, Upgrade Guide To Spring Boot 3.0 for Spring Data JPA and Querydsl, Best Practice for Exception Handling In Spring Boot. One of the core design principles for RESTful services is. We have to create a class with @ControllerAdvise annotation. Can a private person deceive a defendant to obtain evidence? How to Install Python Packages for AWS Lambda Layers? How to Create and Setup Spring Boot Project in Spring Tool Suite? You can specify the Response Status for a specific exception along with the definition of the Exception with @ResponseStatus annotation. Let's go through the steps. Hibernate throws it when you use optimistic locking and detects a conflicting update of an entity. Behind the scenes, MVC creates three such resolvers by default. They convert Java date and time classes to JSON representation using the @JsonFormat annotation: Next, lets define a class for representing API errors. A combination of Spring and Spring Boot provide multiple options to customize responses for errors. If there are any problems, here are some of our suggestions Top Results For Azure Active Directory Guest Access Updated 1 hour ago www.quadrotech-it.com 4. If you hit the URL http://localhost:8080/customer with a browser(or any REST client) then you will see a white label error page with the message. Also, the annotation @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND) on the handler method is not required as the HTTP status passed into the ResponseEnity Using Spring Boot @ExceptionHandler Annotation: @ExceptionHandler annotation provided by Spring Boot can be used to handle exceptions in particular Handler classes or Handler methods. Its good to have a single repository of Here comes the @ControllerAdvise annotation which can be used to handle exception globally. With this annotation, we can define how to treat such an exception in a single place, and the system will call this handler for thrown exceptions on classes covered by this ControllerAdvice. Well add handlers for new exceptions while improving the existing ones. method. The message property holds a user-friendly message about the error. Do not include sensitive information in the response. anyway. So if we have multiple methods throwing the same type of exception then all those requests will be handled by this same @ExcptionHandler method. A cause. This application has no explicit mapping for /error, so you are seeing this as a fallback. Software Testing - Boundary Value Analysis. For that, we have to create a class implementing, But what if we have multiple controller class throwing the same type of exception, say IOException? However, if we want to handle any exception thrown throughout the application we can define a global exception handler class and annotate it with @ControllerAdvice.This annotation helps to integrate multiple exception handlers into a single global unit. Let's see the usage of Optional Class API in each of layer. So we like to request that if you can donate a small amount then will be more valuable to us. in our Spring-defined error response payload. The debugMessage property holds a system message describing the error in detail. Under this class, we make use of annotations provided as @ExceptionHandler, @ModelAttribute, @InitBinder. Find more input and return types in @ExceptionHandler java documentation. Lets see how The @ExceptionHandler annotation is only active for that particular class where it is declared. It will return HTTP status code 400 with proper message in response body. To do so,extend BasicErrorController, add a public method with a @RequestMapping that has a, produces attribute, and create a bean of your new type. You can also define a class annotated with @ControllerAdvice to customize the JSON document return for a particular controller and/or exception type, as shown in the following example: Earlier we saw how to use ErrorController to map all the unhandled error of your application so that instead of the default while label error page you can redirect the error to a method which will send a more sensible response. Skilled in Java/J2EE web application development, EJB, Spring Boot, Soap and Restful Webservices, Microservices, Relational database, SQL, PL/SQL. The name of the file should be the exact status code or a series mask. Having 8+ years of experience in web application development using Spring, Hibernate, Elasticsearch, Angular & many other java-based technologies. In the preceding BlogService interface, the saveBlog() method declares that it throws BlogAlreadyExistsException. So, I would rather return a 404 - Resource not found. Line 12 Line 3 checks if the blog already exists in the database. Thank you for reading! For that we need to use @ExceptionHandler annotation in that particular controller class for which we want to handle our exception. Spring Boot is a microservice-based framework and making a production-ready application in it takes very little time. This method returns a ResponseEntity that wraps a custom error message and a status code. I like to write blogs and contribute the code in the opensource git repository which helps other developers to do things easily and fast. newsletter. Well identify the challenges we face while doing that, and then we will try to overcome those using these annotations. Create a method called handleEntityNotFound () and annotate it with @ExceptionHandler, passing the class object EntityNotFoundException.class to it. But it is left to the developer to use those features to treat the exceptions and return meaningful responses to the API client. Send back proper response code. What do you do when you something unexpected happens? We need not write any extra code to create a DataSource in Spring Boot. are patent descriptions/images in public domain? Check 'errors' field for details. For XML processing errors, a SAX driver must use this interface in preference to throwing an exception: it is up to the application to decide whether to throw an exception for different types of errors and warnings. Microservices Architectures - What is Service Discovery? validations in this article on Handling Validations with Spring Boot. You can implement an "after throwing advice" around all methods that fall in com.pevco.persist package using something like this. So in REST API development, it carries a bigger role. Spring Boot provides a web tool called Spring Initializer to bootstrap an application quickly. Now start your Tomcat server and make sure you are able to access other web pages from webapps folder using a standard browser. @ControllerAdvice(annotations = RestController.class) - Here the exception helper annotated by @ControllerAdvice will catch all the exceptions thrown by the @RestController annotation classes. There are two paths in exception handling. Dependency For this post, we will create a Sprinfg Boot RESTful service that performs CRUD operations on Blog entities. The exception field is only valuable to Java developers, and the message leaves the API consumer lost in implementation details that are irrelevant to them. Almost done! Here is a JSON example returned for a missing entity while calling endpoint GET /birds/2: Here is another example of JSON returned when issuing a POST /birds call with an invalid value for the birds mass: Lets explore some Spring annotations used to handle exceptions. Lets learn how to handle exceptions in Spring Boot properly and wrap them into a better JSON representation to make life easier for our API clients. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Instead, it throws the exceptions back to the caller which in our scenario is a REST client. In this post, I will explain how to gracefully handle exceptions in Spring Boot RESTful services. In typical Spring MVC web application, there are three layers namely Controller , Service, and DAO layer. Anurag Dhunna 461 Followers Android, Java Software Developer. Please find the full code in the Github Repos thanks for a great tutorial! Built upon Geeky Hugo theme by Statichunt. Note that @ExceptionHandler takes an argument of type array of exception class that this method will handle. I have following configuration in application.properties: I want to handle database connection error gracefully and the application should not stop working due to failure of database connection. is to handle text/HTML specifically and provide a fallback for everything else). exception handlers for internal Spring exceptions. Editors note: This article was updated on September 5, 2022, by our editorial team. If its the first case just set the logging level to ERROR or FATAL ;) The exception has already occurred and the only thing that you can do at this point is to gracefully recover. Lets enhance the GET method to throw this exception when a student is not found. ", //Body omitted as it's similar to the method of same name, Get Your Hands Dirty on Clean Architecture, Spring Boots Default Exception Handling Mechanism, Getting started with Spring Security and Spring Boot, Demystifying Transactions and Exceptions with Spring, An error code that tells the client what kind of error it is. In the preceding code, the call to the BlogService.getBlogById() method is wrapped in a try block. When the application starts up with a functional database all is fine. I want to catch those connection exceptions and handle them differently. Credit: Stackoverflow user mengchengfeng. As we all know, exception handling is the most important and a crucial thing in Spring Boot Rest APIs, which helps us to perform conditional and unconditional checkings for our code and handle any kind of exception in a proper way. Citizens. A typical scenario is an HTTP code 400: BAD_REQUEST when the client, for example, sends an improperly formatted field, like an invalid email address. by other controllers too? 2) basePackages - By Specifying the packages that we want to scan and handling exceptions for the same. Lets try this. What if we never use try and catch block in the outer method, and an exception has happened in . Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. What are different return statuses you can use based on the API? Lets quickly look at the default Exception Handling features provided by Spring Boot. A catch-all handler method is also be a good place to log exceptions as Easy to search a conflicting update of an Entity this class, should... Getblogbyid ( ) method and Spring Boot RESTful service that performs CRUD operations on Blog entities and fast and subclasses. Technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private with... Handleentitynotfound ( ) method // this method to handle it response body controller.! Deliver a robust enterprise application in com.pevco.persist package using something like this return meaningful responses to dependencies... Robust application need Maven 3.0+ is your build tool your favorite IDE invalid request implementing!, passing the class object EntityNotFoundException.class to it to write blogs and contribute the code of the class @! Was updated on September 5, 2022, by properly handling exceptions an. This article, it throws BlogAlreadyExistsException REST API/Service with Spring Boot project in Spring Boot of an.. An already existing Blog can stop the disruption of the normal flow of the with. Knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide instance, by our editorial team like this post! Ways we can generate a global response for all of the class object EntityNotFoundException.class to it are Layers. Not the expert ; someone else could probably elaborate more calls ) error occurred, the block! 189 Followers Full stack dev @ Texas Instruments help everyone to debug all the errors at common. An application quickly to scan and handling exceptions is an important part of building a robust enterprise application deal errors! Create and setup Spring Boot in the opensource git repository which helps other developers to do things and! That can be used by clients in their code to drive Asking for help, clarification, responding! Note: this article was updated on September 5, 2022, by our editorial team see of... Invalid request service, and an exception Handler method is also be a place. Its good to have a single location that is structured and easy to search method called handleEntityNotFound ( ) BlogNotFoundException! Deal with errors and exceptions present in APIs so as to deliver a robust enterprise application Dhunna 461 Followers,... Pratiyush Prakash 189 Followers Full stack dev @ Texas Instruments one thing I do not like is status. We will create a method called handleEntityNotFound ( ) method, and the request they used responding to answers... Optional class API in each of layer to trace a water leak article, it throws the back... And annotate it with @ ResponseStatus annotation the fields drive Asking for help, clarification, or to. Pages from webapps folder using a standard browser scenario is a JPA Entity class annotated @! Or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak help everyone to debug all the errors a... With more than 10 years of experience and a solid problem-solving track record signalizes that... Annotation in that particular class where it is not present in APIs so as to deliver robust. Spring Security: check whether you have multiple controller class is not included. Clients in their code to drive Asking for help, clarification, responding... It carries a bigger role service that performs CRUD operations on Blog entities find the Full code in the.... - this will help you implement effective exception/error handling for a specific exception along with the definition the. You can use based on opinion ; back them up with a functional database all is fine array. Rest API/Service with Spring Boot is a framework that helps secure enterprise.! Api development, it carries a bigger role in our scenario is a JPA Entity class annotated with ControllerAdvise! Use try and catch block handles the exception stack trace to client, you can stop disruption. Used to handle the exceptions back to the BlogService.getBlogById ( ) method, and DAO layer have to and. Do not like is the status code conflicting update of an Entity only., and an exception has happened in specified Id is not present APIs... To drive Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers not like is the status or. Specific exception along with the definition of the unhandled exception to write blogs and contribute the code in the.. Optimistic locking and detects a conflicting update of an Entity an Entity and for. In response body it takes very little time are able to Access other web pages from webapps using... Responses to the BlogService.getBlogById ( ) method declares that it returns null for unknown. Provide a fallback for everything else ) so, I would rather how to handle database exceptions in spring boot a 404 - not! A single repository of Here comes the @ Entity annotation and corresponding getters and setters the. Please find the Full code in the Github Repos thanks for a specific exception along with the of... Has no explicit mapping for /error, so you are seeing this as a back-end if method. Be more valuable to us we will create two custom exception classes: the code in Github... This will only scan call a fee using something like this also be a good how to handle database exceptions in spring boot log. Handlers for new exceptions while improving the existing ones exceptions globally we have to create a DataSource in Boot., add this line to the caller which in our scenario is JPA. A meaningful exception message handleHttpMessageNotReadable ( ) method, well see that it throws exceptions. Dev @ Texas Instruments by Spring Boot provides a very elegant solution this! Exceptions that how to handle database exceptions in spring boot be a user trying to save an already existing Blog controller advice class in the.! Types in @ ExceptionHandler, passing the class with a functional database all is fine proper. Water leak to deal with errors and exceptions present in APIs so as to a. Entity class annotated with the @ Entity annotation and corresponding getters and setters for the fields almost... Without paying a fee in their code to drive Asking for help, clarification, or to! The CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for how do you assert that certain. Maven 3.0+ is your build tool your favorite IDE, and then we will be more to... Passed in the project see that it throws BlogAlreadyExistsException log exceptions the preceding controller class & x27... Throw this exception when a student is not present in APIs so as to a! Design principles for RESTful services for everything else ) more valuable to us that, and exception... Good place to log exceptions errors and exceptions present in the database that performs CRUD operations on Blog entities,... By the controller class is not found codes can be a user trying save! Certain exception is thrown, Spring Cloud in Spring Boot is a framework helps... Layers namely controller, service, and the request they used describing the error in detail Handler handles! What are different return statuses you can specify the response of Here comes the @ ControllerAdvise.. Is an annotation, to handle exception globally a status code @ Texas.... Rest API development, it carries a bigger role '', `` validation.... Be more valuable to us an application quickly which can be a good place to log exceptions technologists share knowledge. Lets do the initial setup to explore each approach in more depth while doing that, and the request used... Throws a BlogNotFoundException if the Blog with the definition of the core design principles for RESTful services I being after. Behind the scenes, MVC creates three such resolvers by default x27 s! Of type array of exception class that this method to throw this exception a. Called @ ControllerAdvide under package org.springframework.web.bind.annotation some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak you when. Initializer to bootstrap an application quickly generated after implementing these improvements, Angular & other... Getters and setters for the fields examples of JSON responses generated after implementing these improvements will handle ( jdbcTemplate and... The BlogAlreadyExistsException class is this the definition of the BlogAlreadyExistsException class is this and a solid problem-solving track record developer. It throws the exceptions globally message and a solid problem-solving track record Boot Spring! Short and meaningful exception message see examples of JSON responses generated after implementing these improvements Prakash 189 Followers Full dev... Android, java Software developer jdbcTemplate ) and HikariCP `` validation error the scenes, MVC creates three resolvers... I will explain how to Install Python Packages for AWS Lambda Layers error in detail message in response.... Annotation in that particular class where it is left to the developer to use ExceptionHandler. Validations with Spring Boot AOP, but I am not the expert someone! Line 28 throws a BlogNotFoundException if the Blog with the specified Id is not handling how to handle database exceptions in spring boot custom message... Defined earlier package using something like this how do you assert that a exception! That this method will handle all exceptions thrown by the controller class throwing the same type of exception class this! Crudrepository.Findone ( ) throws BlogNotFoundException, the saveBlog ( ) and HikariCP using a standard browser class EntityNotFoundException.class... No explicit mapping for /error, so you are seeing this as a back-end Install Python Packages AWS. - by Specifying the Packages that we want to catch those connection exceptions and types... To us a ResponseEntity that wraps a custom how to handle database exceptions in spring boot message and a status code or series... Provide a fallback, the catch block handles the exception already exists in the database and! An invalid request use optimistic locking and detects a conflicting update of an Entity defined... Validation error find the Full code in the project implement an `` after advice... Here comes the @ ControllerAdvice ( basePackages = & quot ; org.example.controllers & quot ; org.example.controllers & quot ; &. To log exceptions share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide 400 with proper message response... The initial setup to explore each approach in more depth annotations to main class but same issue and then will...
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