[472] West Germany initially tried few ex-Nazis, but after the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando trial, the government set up a dedicated agency. [344] Around 1,000 poorly armed fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. Davar and later Haaretz both used the term in September 1939. [252] Within the city of Odessa, Jews were segregated to ghettos where they were later deported en masse, with the majority dying from disease, hunger and murder. [135] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. "[89], On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, known as the Nuremberg Laws. [224], Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents. At the end of the war, approximately 380,000 Polish Jews remained alive, the rest having been murdered, mostly in the ghettos and the six death camps: Chelmo, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau. WebThe Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. The Holocaust: Facts and Figures. Read More Testimonies Video Lectures [450] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. [176] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. [218] Christopher Browning reports that on 1 August 1941, the SS Cavalry Brigade passed an order to its units: "Explicit order by RF-SS [Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfhrer-SS]. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). In February 1941, non-Jewish Dutch citizens staged a strike in protest that was quickly crushed. [377], Sprawozdanie 6/42 had reached London by 12 November 1942, where it was translated into English to become part of a 108-page report, "Report on Conditions in Poland", on which the date 27 November 1942 was handwritten. [15] In 1968 the Library of Congress created a new category, "Holocaust, Jewish (19391945)". [269], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. Of these deportees, approximately 1.1 million sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsteinGoldstein2016 (. [210] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[211] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. [474], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. [123], Between 2.7 and 3million Polish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, out of a population of 3.33.5 million. [34] As prisoners entered the death camps, they surrendered all personal property,[39] which was cataloged and tagged before being sent to Germany for reuse or recycling. [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. [232], Transportation to and between camps was often carried out in closed freight cars with little air or water, long delays and prisoners packed tightly. [85] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". The damage was estimated at 39million Reichsmark. [91] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." [324] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. [172], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. [36] Anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents was to be exterminated,[37] and complex rules were devised to deal with Mischlinge ("mixed breeds"). But, tragically, gay Holocaust [455] Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps, where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. [236] Prisoners in Auschwitz were tattooed on arrival with an identification number. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). [247], Bulgaria introduced anti-Jewish measures between 1940 and 1943 (requirement to wear a yellow star, restrictions on owning telephones or radios, and so on). As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. [259] According to Stone, "the Holocaust in Slovakia was far more than a German project, even if it was carried out in the context of a 'puppet' state. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. [369] This was in large measure thanks to Captain Witold Pilecki of the Polish Home Army, who was sent to the camp in September 1940 after allowing himself to be arrested in Warsaw. [361] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement. [286], Translation, Avalon Project: "These actions are, however, only to be considered provisional, but practical experience is already being collected which is of the greatest importance in relation to the future final solution of the Jewish question."[290]. [ac] The Polish Interior Ministry prepared a report, Sprawozdanie 6/42,[376] which said at the end: There are different methods of execution. [384], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [343] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. [63] Other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run exclusively by the SS. So many died that the marches were stopped. [33] In contrast, according to historian Dan Stone, Hitler regarded the Jews as "a Gegenrasse: a 'counter-race' not really human at all". The commandos described them as "Bolshevist functionaries" and similar. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. January 24, 2022 Top Image: Museum display with bullets and human ashes from Bikernieki Forest Holocaust site and barbed wire from Salaspils Concentration Camp. [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. Other Victims [151] Jewish women were stripped, beaten, and raped. [325], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[326] releasing toxic prussic acid. [103] In August that year, Adolf Eichmann was appointed manager (under Franz Walter Stahlecker) of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna (Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswanderung in Wien). Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. Jews in Shanghai were confined, but despite German pressure they were not killed. [126] German plans for Poland included expelling non-Jewish Poles from large areas, settling Germans on the emptied lands,[127] sending the Polish leadership to camps, denying the lower classes an education, and confining Jews. Ninety percent of Austria's 176,000 Jews lived in Vienna. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. [310], Chemno, with gas vans only, had its roots in the Aktion T4 euthanasia program. Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 19181947. ", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "FAQ: How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? [p] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. [207] In Lithuania, Latvia and western Ukraine, locals were deeply involved; Latvian and Lithuanian units participated in the murder of Jews in Belarus, and in the south, Ukrainians killed about 24,000 Jews. [374] By c.July 1942, Polish leaders in Warsaw had learned about the mass killing of Jews in Auschwitz. In 1960 Mossad agents captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people. [436] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. Yad Vashem. p.171. The death rates decreased when the POWs were [242][243] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. [16], The term was popularised in the United States by the NBC mini-series Holocaust (1978) about a fictional family of German Jews,[17] and in November that year the President's Commission on the Holocaust was established. [206], According to Wolfram Wette, the German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. WebHistorians estimate that between 250,000 and 500,000 Romani and Sinti were killed by Germans and their collaborators25% to over 50% of the estimate of slightly fewer than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time. Sex with Jewish women was forbidden on grounds of racial disgrace by the Nazis, but rape was not considered a racial disgrace in concentration camps. [337] Stone writes that "many European states, under the extreme circumstances of World War II, took upon themselves the task of solving the 'Jewish question' in their own way. I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. WebBefore the Nazi takeover of powerin 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture. The movement embraced a pseudo-scientific racism that viewed Jews as a race whose members were locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. By 1945, most European Jewstwo out of every threehad been killed. They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. [101] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. [392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations. Denmark was overrun so quickly that there was no time for a resistance to form. The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. [68] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany, "Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. [72] Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign. The courts reached a decision in 64,499 of those cases; 56,244 were in favor of sterilization. In early 1943, new gas chambers and crematoria were built to accommodate the numbers. Between 15 May and early July 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported, mostly to Auschwitz, where most of them were murdered by gas; there were four transports a day, each carrying 3,000 people. [4] By the spring or summer of 1942, gas chambers had been installed in these new facilities, except for Chemno, which used gas vans. [79] There were 84,525 applications from doctors in the first year. [431] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements. [70] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities. Where they came from and how they came to me was really none of my business. [81], In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. [165][o] The camps provided locals with employment and with black-market goods confiscated from Jewish families who, thinking they were being resettled, arrived with their belongings. [265] In September 1943, Germany occupied the northern and central areas of Italy and established a fascist puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or Sal Republic. Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps. [45] The twins would be measured, killed, and dissected. [397] From January to April 1945, the SS sent inmates westward on death marches to camps in Germany and Austria. He viewed Marxism as a Jewish doctrine, said he was fighting against "Jewish Marxism", and believed that Jews had created communism as part of a conspiracy to destroy Germany. The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. [42], After the war, 23 senior physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. (See the experience of history.). There was discussion about whether to include the German Mischlinge (half-Jews). [54] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". [116] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichsmark. [428] The death rates decreased when the POWs were needed to help the German war effort; by 1943, half a million had been deployed as slave labor. [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. [226] Large numbers of Jews were not sent there until after Kristallnacht in November 1938. [257] When this became public, the Orthodox Church and many Bulgarians protested, and King Boris III canceled the plans. [401], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. [125], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". As German troops advanced, the mass shooting of "anti-German elements" was assigned, as in Poland, to the Einsatzgruppen, this time under the command of Reinhard Heydrich. At Treblinka, to calm the victims, the arrival platform was made to look like a train station, complete with a fake clock. The British government's view was that the Hungarian people's antisemitism would make them distrust the Allies if Allied broadcasts focused on the Jews. [129] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany. "[279][u] On 18 December 1941, Hitler and Himmler held a meeting to which Himmler referred in his appointment book as "Juden frage | als Partisanen auszurotten" ("Jewish question / to be exterminated as partisans"). [247] Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 as part of its efforts towards an alliance with Germany. "[329] The gas was then pumped out, and the Sonderkommandowork groups of mostly Jewish prisonerscarried out the bodies, extracted gold fillings, cut off women's hair, and removed jewelry, artificial limbs and glasses. Another 2,396 were deported and 2,257 killed that autumn during an uprising, and 13,500 were deported between October 1944 and March 1945. [65], Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted. WebThe Holocaust in Ukraine represents the first phase of the Holocaust in which an estimated 1.5 million Jews were shot to death at close range in ravines, open fields, and forests. This report was sent to the Polish Embassy in Washington, D.C.[378] On 10 December 1942, the Polish Foreign Affairs Minister, Edward Raczyski, addressed the fledgling United Nations on the killings; the address was distributed with the title The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland. Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign were steadily restricted been killed the. Was occupied by the Soviet partisan movement '' and `` Shoah '' redirect here proceed only on the assumption they! 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